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Internet Research – Where to Begin?

The internet is brilliant.

When a question enters your head, an answer is only a few key strokes away. (Notice that I said 鈥渁n鈥� answer: not 鈥渢he鈥� answer).

Putting aside the possible impact on our attention span of 24-hour, all-you-can-eat information, we also face the problem of information overload; where do you even start?

Well, you could do a lot worse than Wikipedia 鈥� as a place to start 鈥� depending on which subject you鈥檙e interested in.

Wikipedia as a Tool

If you鈥檙e a bit sketchy on your maths or physics, then you might find Wikipedia too technical (setting the language to 鈥淪imple English鈥� can sometimes be useful here).

Or if you鈥檙e wondering who the Prime Minister is these days, you might find the relevant Wiki page oddly positive in its presentation of them 鈥� or strikingly critical and bizarre. Just like any information source, you can鈥檛 necessarily take it at face value.

Due Diligence!

You always have to do some due diligence and evaluate the credibility of the source before you decide whether to rely on its content.

Hundreds of dedicated volunteers churn out several thousand new Wikipedia pages per week, and edit thousands more. They are doing their best to make Wikipedia consistent and reliable. But Wikipedia can be edited by anyone, so a Prime Minister鈥檚 PR manager might choose to remove something embarrassing and accentuate the positive.

And a modern-day Guy Fawkes might decide to pepper the government鈥檚 pages with digital vandalism for precisely the opposite reasons.

It is possible to look under the hood of Wikipedia and inspect the history of edits behind each page, but who really has time to then go and check up to see who this may0000221 from Pyongyang is anyway?

It鈥檚 much quicker to simply read the page with your head fully on the task at hand. And that means giving yourself a moment every so often to reflect on whether the text has the ring of authenticity about it.

Critical Thinking is Essential

Let鈥檚 say you鈥檝e hit upon a Wiki page that seems legit. It鈥檚 intelligible, and it seems to be consistent with what you already know about a subject 鈥� and you鈥檙e confident that the apparent consistency and common-sense-ness of the article is not just the product of you being in an echo chamber or a filter bubble that tends to reinforce your existing prejudices.

Fine, then.

So you can reference it in your essay, right?

Well, probably.

Most exam boards will be OK with it; many university professors will not.

A good academic essay or research paper will refer to a range of sources. This means including primary sources 鈥� the original books, art works, articles or personal communications that originated the information you鈥檙e interested in. Wikipedia, as an encyclopaedia, is a tertiary source 鈥� it is based on primary sources and secondary sources (sources that are about primary sources).

So, you shouldn鈥檛 just use Wikipedia as your sole source in an essay. But you can use it to find other sources 鈥� they鈥檙e all listed at the end of the Wiki page.

Wikipedia and Higher Level Learning

If you write a master鈥檚 or a PhD thesis, then you should make a note of how you performed your literature search, i.e., what your procedure was to actually look online or in actual libraries in order to find the articles, books and other sources you ended up using.

This is more important if you鈥檙e trying to discover brand new information, because the way you do the search will shape the kinds of results you find.

If you only looked in your school library, for example, you might not have a very complete picture of the history of scholarship on Shakespearean sonnets, for example. And even if you looked through the biggest thousand online databases of criticism and analysis of Shakespeare, you might find that you鈥檝e missed out on extremely important work done in cultures that are not represented in those databases.

It鈥檚 food for thought.

For your essays, even up to the end of postgraduate study, you might seem a bit over-keen if you thoroughly describe how you did your literature search, which key words you included as search terms, and how you decided which results to include and which to exclude 鈥� but you鈥檒l be ahead of the game should you want to go onto postgraduate study or work in evidence-based practical fields like medicine. And if that is where you end up, suffice it to say that 鈥淚 looked on Wikipedia鈥� won鈥檛 be very impressive in those circles.

So, it鈥檚 OK to use Wikipedia, and you should keep half an eye on your search methodology if you鈥檝e got academic ambitions.

Wikipedia Can Change

Remember, though, that, like all websites, Wikipedia is subject to change, so when you include a reference to a Wiki page in your bibliography, you should cite it with the date on which you accessed it.

If an examiner goes back to check your web link and finds something missing or altered, then the fact that you included the date on which you yourself looked at that page will save your bacon. (In fact, some online publications have a so-called DOI address which is permanent, so if you cite a text鈥檚 DOI, you don鈥檛 need to also include the date of access.)

I hope this article will be the beginning of an excruciating and lifelong existential dilemma about the credibility of information for you!

Before you go, I also invite you to reflect upon the ethics of checking Wikipedia for sources which you then end up citing in your own essay, but without mentioning the fact that you got them from Wikipedia.

Well, on the plus side, you will have avoided all the hand-wringing about how to finesse the fact that you used a website that some traditionalist academics sniff at, and you may even have sagely nodded to yourself about the potential blind spots in your analysis caused by the fact that Wiki only refers to the particular subset of sources that its particular authors deemed important (possibly more often ones written by long-dead white men rather than other types of people), and you are about to hand in your essay, which is engagingly written and includes a range of primary and secondary sources that would be the envy of any jobbing academic.

Final Thoughts – Wiki-ethics

My question, then, is this: do you have an ethical duty to mention Wikipedia in your essay if you used it when writing your essay? (Hint: are you relying on other people鈥檚 work when you use Wikipedia? And is their work, say, by giving you a list of primary and secondary sources to use, helping in some way to shape your own work? Is it therefore plagiarism if you don鈥檛 mention any of this?)

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